Pablo de Lora
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Law, Legal Philosophy, Faculty Member
- Philosophy, Ethics, Philosophy Of Law, Bioethics, Animal Welfare, Prostitution, and 18 moreFundamental Rights, Constitution, Decriminalisation of Prostitution, Action Theory, Constitutional Law, Social Justice, Legal Theory, Health Policy, Political Philosophy, Medical Ethics, Organ Donation and Transplantation, Brain Drain, Liberalism, Democracy, Health Care Ethics, Judicial review, Distributive Justice, and Politics of Human Rights and Democracyedit
- I am a legal and political philosopher at the School of Law of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain). I focus my... moreI am a legal and political philosopher at the School of Law of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain). I focus my research on the intersection of Bioethics and Legal and Political Philosophy. I have written extensively on distributive justice and health care, artificial reproduction technologies, death and organ donation, animal ethics and the philosophical foundations of constitutionalism.edit
En este artículo pretendo despejar el camino de algunos de los más comunes y falaces razonamientos empleados por los detractores de la gestación subrogada: falacias de atinencia, de petición de principio, de definición... more
En este artículo pretendo despejar el camino de algunos de los más comunes y falaces razonamientos empleados por los detractores de la gestación subrogada: falacias de atinencia, de petición de principio, de definición persuasiva, de composición y de falso dilema. De este modo se podrá discutir con mayor rigor algunas cuestiones clave que han de ser resueltas como las condiciones del contrato mediante el que se gesta el embrión, si ha de haber precio de mercado o compensación, qué condiciones deben reunir los intervinientes, si la gestante podrá abortar sin restricciones y si su consentimiento es revocable.
The aim of this article is to wipe off some of the most common fallacies used by the opponents of surrogate mother-hood: fallacies of relevance, petitio principle, persuasive defini-tion, composition and false dilemma. In this way, it will be possi-ble to discuss more rigorously some of the regulatory key issues that have to be solved, such as the conditions of the contract through which the embryo is gestated, whether it is acceptable to pay a market price or compensation to the gestating wom-an, what conditions the participants should meet, whether the pregnant woman can abort without restrictions and if her consent is revocable.
The aim of this article is to wipe off some of the most common fallacies used by the opponents of surrogate mother-hood: fallacies of relevance, petitio principle, persuasive defini-tion, composition and false dilemma. In this way, it will be possi-ble to discuss more rigorously some of the regulatory key issues that have to be solved, such as the conditions of the contract through which the embryo is gestated, whether it is acceptable to pay a market price or compensation to the gestating wom-an, what conditions the participants should meet, whether the pregnant woman can abort without restrictions and if her consent is revocable.
Research Interests:
Drugs used to provide improvement of cognitive functioning have been shown to be effective in healthy individuals. It is sometimes assumed that the use of these drugs constitutes cheating in an academic context. We examine whether this... more
Drugs used to provide improvement of cognitive functioning
have been shown to be effective in healthy individuals. It is
sometimes assumed that the use of these drugs constitutes
cheating in an academic context. We examine whether
this assumption is ethically sound. Beyond providing the
most up-to-date discussion of modafinil use in an academic
context, this contribution includes an overview of the safety
of modafinil use in greater depth than previous studies
addressing the issue of cheating. Secondly, we emphasize
two crucial, but hitherto nearly overlooked, nuances to the
issues: (a) the potential for modafinil to decrease inequality
and disadvantage in academic settings, and (b) the fact that
how modafinil is used dramatically impacts its effects on
health, coercion, fairness, authenticity and effort. Finally, we
explicitly defend the position that there are no qualitatively
morally relevant differences between modafinil use and other
enhancement modalities; any such differences are in degree,
not kind.
have been shown to be effective in healthy individuals. It is
sometimes assumed that the use of these drugs constitutes
cheating in an academic context. We examine whether
this assumption is ethically sound. Beyond providing the
most up-to-date discussion of modafinil use in an academic
context, this contribution includes an overview of the safety
of modafinil use in greater depth than previous studies
addressing the issue of cheating. Secondly, we emphasize
two crucial, but hitherto nearly overlooked, nuances to the
issues: (a) the potential for modafinil to decrease inequality
and disadvantage in academic settings, and (b) the fact that
how modafinil is used dramatically impacts its effects on
health, coercion, fairness, authenticity and effort. Finally, we
explicitly defend the position that there are no qualitatively
morally relevant differences between modafinil use and other
enhancement modalities; any such differences are in degree,
not kind.
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ABSTRACT: ¿Puede un paciente con pronóstico infausto al que se le ha practicado una craniectomía descomprensiva ser sometido posteriormente a una craneoplastia con vendaje para de esa manera conducirle a la muerte encefálica y que pueda... more
ABSTRACT: ¿Puede un paciente con pronóstico infausto al que se le ha practicado una craniectomía descomprensiva ser sometido posteriormente a una craneoplastia con vendaje para de esa manera conducirle a la muerte encefálica y que pueda ser donante de órganos? Un equipo del Hospital General de Asturias, previa consulta con expertos bioéticos, consideró que ese procedimiento era una forma de legítima “limitación del tratamiento del soporte vital”. En este trabajo se toman en consideración tres objeciones que se han esgrimido contra dicho proceder –el conflicto de intereses en el tratamiento al final de la vida y los beneficios del trasplante, el carácter absoluto de la prohibición de matar y la inadecuada caracterización de la craneoplastia con vendaje como una forma de limitación del tratamiento de soporte vital- y se defiende: (1) la necesidad de extremar la transparencia en la presentación de las alternativas terapéuticas y paliativas en juego en el cuidado al final de la vida; (2) la existencia de un conflicto de deberes médicos que impide la aplicación automática de la prohibición de matar y (3) que ni la craneoplastia con vendaje ni la extubación terminal son meras limitaciones del tratamiento de soporte vital sino legítimas contribuciones médicas a la muerte del paciente siempre que se cuente con el consentimiento del paciente y la prolongación de su vida sea dañina.
ABSTRACT: Is the performance of a cranioplasty with bandage on a patient with poor prognosis and previously subjected to a decompressive craniectomy a legitimate form of “treatment” withdrawal in order to achieve death by neurological criterion, and, subsequently, procure his organs? A clinical team from the Hospital General de Asturias previously advised by some bioethical experts, considered so and in this paper I discuss three main objections that have been raised against their procedure: the potential conflict of interests that may permeate the decision; the mischaracterization of the cranioplasty as a way of “withdrawing futile treatment” and the violation of the medical imperative to refrain from direct killing. I conclude that (1) in cases as this transparency as to what is actually driving the therapeutic alternative at the end of life is of utmost importance; (2) that the rule that forbids doctors to kill coexist with other duties equally stringent, namely, the duty not to harm, and that (3) neither the removing of a respirator nor the cranioplasty with bandage are means of limiting futile treatment, but medical contributions to death that may be deemed ethical in circumstances in which there is consent by the patient and his remaining alive is a worst outcome.
ABSTRACT: Is the performance of a cranioplasty with bandage on a patient with poor prognosis and previously subjected to a decompressive craniectomy a legitimate form of “treatment” withdrawal in order to achieve death by neurological criterion, and, subsequently, procure his organs? A clinical team from the Hospital General de Asturias previously advised by some bioethical experts, considered so and in this paper I discuss three main objections that have been raised against their procedure: the potential conflict of interests that may permeate the decision; the mischaracterization of the cranioplasty as a way of “withdrawing futile treatment” and the violation of the medical imperative to refrain from direct killing. I conclude that (1) in cases as this transparency as to what is actually driving the therapeutic alternative at the end of life is of utmost importance; (2) that the rule that forbids doctors to kill coexist with other duties equally stringent, namely, the duty not to harm, and that (3) neither the removing of a respirator nor the cranioplasty with bandage are means of limiting futile treatment, but medical contributions to death that may be deemed ethical in circumstances in which there is consent by the patient and his remaining alive is a worst outcome.
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En este ensayo se analizan las muy diversas cuestiones, fundamentalmente jurídicas, suscitadas a raíz de la campaña #metoo y de la aproximación que a la cuestión del acoso y abuso sexuales ha hecho recientemente Martha Nussbaum
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¿Pueden los individuos disponer de su identidad racial de la misma manera, o por razones semejantes, a la posibilidad, institucionalmente sancionada, de disponer de la identidad de género? Esta era la pregunta que, a partir de los casos... more
¿Pueden los individuos disponer de su identidad racial de la misma manera, o por razones semejantes, a la posibilidad, institucionalmente sancionada, de disponer de la identidad de género? Esta era la pregunta que, a partir de los casos de Caitlyn Jenner y de Rachel Dolezal, se planteaba la filósofa Rebecca Tuvel en un artículo publicado en la revista Hypatia. En este trabajo examino la dicha cuestión, pero, sobre todo, la fabulosa controversia generada por su publicación, señaladamente el hecho de que con el mero planteamiento filosófico de la cuestión se esté "dañando" a la comunidad de los transexuales, a la causa de la discriminación y racial, y a las capillas académicas ocupadas de preservar el fuego de ciertos dogmas.
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Sexo (con)sentido: el feminismo ante la encrucijada de la prostitución Resumen: El feminismo tiene en la prostitución uno de sus grandes caballos de batalla. En este trabajo se analizan los presupuestos de la posición abolicionista,... more
Sexo (con)sentido: el feminismo ante la encrucijada de la prostitución Resumen: El feminismo tiene en la prostitución uno de sus grandes caballos de batalla. En este trabajo se analizan los presupuestos de la posición abolicionista, concretamente la negación a considerar que las mujeres puedan consentir a la venta de servicios sexuales. Se analiza así el papel y alcance del consentimiento en la relación sexual, reivindicando una concepción " no clínica " de dicho consentimiento que tiene como principal implicación el reconocimiento de que, siendo el consentimiento una condición necesaria para la licitud del sexo, los individuos debemos renunciar a la soberanía plena sobre el acontecer y desarrollo de la interacción sexual. Abstract: Prostitution is one of the most controversial issues among political feminists. In this paper I assess the grounds for the abolitionist position, namely, the rejection of the possibility of consenting the selling of sexual services. To that extent I explore the role and scope of consent in sexual relations vindicating a non-clinical conception of sexual consent. Such stance implies that consent is a necessary condition for the morality of sexual relations but at the same time that we should abandon the idea that we are fully sovereign over our sexual encounters.
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Male circumcision performed on minors for cultural or religious reasons is the source of a significant legal controversy. In this essay I report recent quarrels involving circumcision and I assess the reasons raised by those who favor its... more
Male circumcision performed on minors for cultural
or religious reasons is the source of a significant
legal controversy. In this essay I report recent
quarrels involving circumcision and I assess the reasons
raised by those who favor its current status as a
permitted practice. I conclude by arguing that those
reasons do not trump the minor’s right to corporal
integrity and to an “open future”.
or religious reasons is the source of a significant
legal controversy. In this essay I report recent
quarrels involving circumcision and I assess the reasons
raised by those who favor its current status as a
permitted practice. I conclude by arguing that those
reasons do not trump the minor’s right to corporal
integrity and to an “open future”.
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Preimplantational genetic diagnosis along with HLA-typing is a technique employed in order to create an individual who might help his or her sibling to overcome a genetic illness by means of a stem-cells’ transfusion. In this paper I... more
Preimplantational genetic diagnosis along with HLA-typing is a technique employed in order to create an individual who might help his or her sibling to overcome a genetic illness by means of a stem-cells’ transfusion. In this paper I assess what I deem as the most robust objection against the procedure – that it constitutes a form of hideous instrumentalization of procreation- and I argue that under certain conditions the objection is not conclusive./El diagnóstico genético preimplantacional, junto con la determinación del tipaje HLA, es una técnica empleada para generar un individuo que pueda, mediante el uso de las células madre del cordón umbilical, o eventualmente de la médula ósea, ayudar a curar a otro. En este trabajo se analiza el mayor reparo ético que se ha esgrimido frente a esta práctica, la instrumentalización de la procreación, y se defiende bajo qué condiciones dicha objeción no es concluyente.
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El Derecho bio-sanitario y la bioética tienen en el uso de los seres humanos para la experimentación uno de sus puntos de arranque históricos. En este trabajo analizo los problemas que plantea un tipo específico de experimentación, el... more
El Derecho bio-sanitario y la bioética tienen en el uso de los seres humanos para la experimentación uno de sus
puntos de arranque históricos. En este trabajo analizo los problemas que plantea un tipo específico de
experimentación, el ensayo clínico para el desarrollo de medicamentos, cuando ese estudio se lleva a cabo en países
de escasos recursos. A partir de dos casos célebres – el ensayo del AZT en África y el pretendido del Surfaxin en
Latinoamérica- trato de mostrar las condiciones bajo las cuales esos ensayos constituyen formas de explotación
inaceptables y cómo sólo mediante la instauración de mecanismos globales de gobernanza que supervisen la equidad en la producción y distribución de medicamentos se pueden disipar las condiciones que permiten la explotación injusta de los más pobres.
Bio-health law and Bioethics stemmed from the excesses in the use of human subjects for scientific research. In this
chapter I assess the difficulties associated with one specific type of experimentation, that of clinical trials when these
studies are conducted in less developed countries. I rely on two famous cases – the AZT trial in Africa and the
Surfaxin case in Latinamerica- in order to show the conditions under which those experiments constitute unfair
exploitation. I conclude by arguing that only through the instauration of mechanisms for global governance that
oversight the fair production and distribution of drugs, we will be capable of lessening the conditions that enable the
unjust exploitation of the poor.
puntos de arranque históricos. En este trabajo analizo los problemas que plantea un tipo específico de
experimentación, el ensayo clínico para el desarrollo de medicamentos, cuando ese estudio se lleva a cabo en países
de escasos recursos. A partir de dos casos célebres – el ensayo del AZT en África y el pretendido del Surfaxin en
Latinoamérica- trato de mostrar las condiciones bajo las cuales esos ensayos constituyen formas de explotación
inaceptables y cómo sólo mediante la instauración de mecanismos globales de gobernanza que supervisen la equidad en la producción y distribución de medicamentos se pueden disipar las condiciones que permiten la explotación injusta de los más pobres.
Bio-health law and Bioethics stemmed from the excesses in the use of human subjects for scientific research. In this
chapter I assess the difficulties associated with one specific type of experimentation, that of clinical trials when these
studies are conducted in less developed countries. I rely on two famous cases – the AZT trial in Africa and the
Surfaxin case in Latinamerica- in order to show the conditions under which those experiments constitute unfair
exploitation. I conclude by arguing that only through the instauration of mechanisms for global governance that
oversight the fair production and distribution of drugs, we will be capable of lessening the conditions that enable the
unjust exploitation of the poor.
Research Interests:
Hymenoplasty is a surgical procedure requested by women who are expected to remain virgins until marriage. In this article, I assess the ethical and legal challenges raised by this request, both for the individual physician and for the... more
Hymenoplasty is a surgical procedure requested by women who are
expected to remain virgins until marriage. In this article, I assess the ethical and
legal challenges raised by this request, both for the individual physician and for the
health care system. I argue that performing hymenoplasty is not always an unethical
practice and that, under certain conditions, it should be provided by the health care
system.
expected to remain virgins until marriage. In this article, I assess the ethical and
legal challenges raised by this request, both for the individual physician and for the
health care system. I argue that performing hymenoplasty is not always an unethical
practice and that, under certain conditions, it should be provided by the health care
system.
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One of the most controversial aspects in uncontrolled (out-of-hospital) donation of organs after circulatory death (uDCD) is the initiation of preservation measures before death. I argue that in so-called opting-out systems only under... more
One of the most controversial aspects in uncontrolled (out-of-hospital) donation of organs after circulatory death (uDCD) is the initiation of preservation measures before death. I argue that in so-called opting-out systems only under very stringent conditions we might presume consent to the instauration of those measures. Given its current legal framework, I claim that this is not the case of Spain, a well-known country in which consent is presumed—albeit only formally—and where uDCD is currently practiced.
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... 19. (2000). «Dos modelos teóricos sobre el tratamiento jurídico debido a los niños». Universidad Carlos III de Madrid-Instituto de Derechos Humanos Bartolomé de las Casas, p. 346, 767, 791, y ahora en (2006). La fundamentación de los... more
... 19. (2000). «Dos modelos teóricos sobre el tratamiento jurídico debido a los niños». Universidad Carlos III de Madrid-Instituto de Derechos Humanos Bartolomé de las Casas, p. 346, 767, 791, y ahora en (2006). La fundamentación de los derechos de los niños. ...
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¿Puede un paciente con pronóstico infausto al que se le ha practicado una craniectomía descomprensiva ser sometido posteriormente a una craneoplastia con vendaje para de esa manera conducirle a la muerte encefálica y que pueda ser donante... more
¿Puede un paciente con pronóstico infausto al que se le ha practicado una craniectomía descomprensiva ser sometido posteriormente a una craneoplastia con vendaje para de esa manera conducirle a la muerte encefálica y que pueda ser donante de órganos? Un equipo del Hospital General de Asturias, previa consulta con expertos bioéticos, consideró que ese procedimiento era una forma de legítima " limitación del tratamiento del soporte vital ". En este trabajo se toman en consideración tres objeciones que se han esgrimido contra dicho proceder –el conflicto de intereses en el tratamiento al final de la vida y los beneficios del trasplante, el carácter absoluto de la prohibición de matar y la inadecuada caracterización de la craneoplastia con vendaje como una forma de limitación del tratamiento de soporte vital-y se defiende: (1) la necesidad de extremar la transparencia en la presentación de las alternativas terapéuticas y paliativas en juego en el cuidado al final de la vida; (2) la existencia de un conflicto de deberes médicos que impide la aplicación automática de la prohibición de matar y (3) que ni la cranioplastia con vendaje ni la extubación terminal son meras limitaciones del tratamiento de soporte vital sino legítimas contribuciones médicas a la muerte del paciente siempre que se cuente con el consentimiento del paciente y la prolongación de su vida sea dañina. ABSTRACT: Is the performance of a cranioplasty with bandage on a patient with poor prognosis and previously subjected to a decompressive craniectomy a legitimate form of " treatment " withdrawal in order to achieve death by neurological criterion, and, subsequently, procure his organs? A clinical team from the Hospital General de Asturias previously advised by some bioethical experts, considered so and in this paper I discuss three main objections that have been raised against their procedure: the potential conflict of interests that may permeate the decision; the mischaracterization of the cranioplasty as a way of " withdrawing futile treatment " and the violation of the medical imperative to refrain from direct killing. I conclude that (1) in cases as this transparency as to what is actually driving the therapeutic alternative at the end of life is of utmost importance; (2) that the rule that forbids doctors to kill coexist with other duties equally stringent, namely, the duty not to harm, and that (3) neither the removing of a respirator nor the cranioplasty with bandage are means of limiting futile treatment, but medical contributions to death that may be deemed ethical in circumstances in which there is consent by the patient and his remaining alive is a worst outcome.
Research Interests:
Breve reseña de la obra: Desde su llegada a la presidencia de los Estados Unidos a principios del año 2009, Barack Obama se afana por lograr un sueño largamente anhelado por muchos ciudadanos de aquél país: garantizar cobertura sanitaria... more
Breve reseña de la obra: Desde su llegada a la presidencia de los Estados Unidos a principios del año 2009, Barack Obama se afana por lograr un sueño largamente anhelado por muchos ciudadanos de aquél país: garantizar cobertura sanitaria a toda la población estadounidense, es decir, hacer efectivo el derecho a la asistencia sanitaria, una prestación característica del Estado social consagrada desde hace tiempo en numerosas constituciones e instrumentos jurídicos internacionales. Su fundamento, contenido esencial y alcance distan, sin embargo, de ser pacíficos, especialmente cuando se dan las circunstancias de la escasez moderada provocada por factores tales como el fabuloso desarrollo que han experimentado las ciencias biomédicas en el pasado siglo, un avance que propicia el crecimiento exponencial de la factura sanitaria. En este libro tratamos de dar una justificación filosófico-jurídica al derecho a la asistencia sanitaria que supone la obligación del poder público de proporciona...
¿En qué consiste la explotación sexual de los animales no humanos que tipifica el artículo 337 del Código Penal? ¿Está justificado dicho castigo? En este trabajo algunas respuestas a ambas preguntas
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In this article I defend the confiscation of cadaveric organs by the state in order to surmount the problem posed by the shortage of organs for transplantation. Although one can find similar defenses in the literature, I advance new... more
In this article I defend the confiscation of cadaveric organs by the state in order to surmount the problem posed by the shortage of organs for transplantation. Although one can find similar defenses in the literature, I advance new arguments in its favor and consider some objections not yet addressed. In order to build my case, I claim firstly that there are no moral reasons compelling enough to accept that suitable organs for transplantation be perish or destroyed, and, on the other hand, I defend that there is a general right to health care that encompasses a correlative duty to procure organs to patients in need. Secondly, I bring to consideration the vast array of legal norms, institutions and social practices that govern the use of dead bodies in our societies, which put stringent limitations on our posthumous desires concerning the use of our corpse. I stress, particularly, the right of public officials to perform autopsies for the sake of preserving public health and crimina...
In a series of papers starting in 2010 , Franklin G. Miller, Robert D. Truog and Seema K. Shah have been arguing that our current standards of death operate as “legal fictions". a) in what sense death may be a legal fiction? b) What are... more
In a series of papers starting in 2010 , Franklin G. Miller, Robert D. Truog and Seema K. Shah have been arguing that our current standards of death operate as “legal fictions". a) in what sense death may be a legal fiction? b) What are the consequences of arriving at the conclusion that we are currently operating with such fiction? c) Is it sensible that the law deviate from biological reality when it comes to defining death? In this paper I argue that our current determinations of death (brain death and circulatory death) are legal stipulations that may well depart from a biological conception of death. I also claim that death is partly an institutional construction and that brain-death and circulatory death conceal an ethical and philosophical commitment that should be unveiled and expanded in order to make the practice of organ transplantation more coherent.
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Respuesta a Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca
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Se trata de una reseña del libro del sociólogo Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca en el que analiza los errores del gobierno español y de parte de la "intelligentsia" española a la hora de afrontar el desafío secesionista en Cataluña.
